RTA Deep Dive
Distal vs proximal vs hyperkalemic. The labs and the urine pH that tell them apart.
Electrolyte Disorders
Sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium. The ECG changes and the correction rate rules.
AKI vs CKD
Acute injury vs chronic decline. BUN/Cr ratio, urine sediment, and the staging.
Renal Artery Stenosis + RAAS
Decreased perfusion drives renin, then aldosterone. Why ACE-I unmasks the lesion.
Nephrotic vs Nephritic
MCD, FSGS, Membranous, IgA, and Post-Strep sorted by biopsy, complement, and timing. Elimination rounds, drag-and-drop, and clinical vignettes.
Diuretic Sites + Toxicity
Where each diuretic acts and the ototoxicity nobody mentions until clinical medicine.
Electrolyte Emergencies: Crisis Orders
Hyperkalemia, sodium, calcium, and magnesium crisis orders: stabilize, shift or replace, correct safely, and avoid the speed traps.
Sodium and Osmolality Disorders
Nephrolithiasis
Urinary Tract Infections
Cystitis vs pyelonephritis, pregnancy, and empiric antibiotics.