Heart Murmurs
Systolic vs diastolic, the Big Four, maneuvers, and HOCM, the exception that always shows up.
Diastolic Rumble
The low-frequency murmur of mitral and tricuspid stenosis. Where to listen, what it means.
Paradoxical S2 Split
Reversed splitting in aortic stenosis and LBBB. Why expiration widens the gap.
Wide S2 Split
Pulmonic stenosis, RBBB, and ASD. Fixed split vs physiologic widening on inspiration.
Mitral Regurgitation
Holosystolic at the apex, radiates to the axilla, louder with hand grip. AFib and surgery follow.
Inferior MI + AV Block
RCA occlusion hits the inferior wall, the AV node, and the RV simultaneously. Why nitro kills.
MI ED Meds: MONA-BAH
Morphine, oxygen, nitrates, aspirin, beta-blockers, ACE-I, heparin. The ED bundle.
Post-MI Complications
V-fib in hours. Walls rupture in weeks. The timeline clinical medicine always test.
Hemodynamics
CO, preload, afterload, Frank-Starling, PV loops, valve lesion parameters, hypertrophy patterns, shock classification, and SVR/PVR.
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Screening, the size thresholds for repair, and the rupture triad.
Dyslipidemia
Statin intensity by ASCVD risk, LDL targets, and secondary causes.
Heart Failure: Systolic vs Diastolic, Left vs Right
EKG Interpretation
Lead I: RA to LA
The lateral lead vector, what it sees, and how to use it for axis deviation.
Antiarrhythmics
Vaughan-Williams classes I to IV. Sodium, beta, potassium, and calcium channel blockers, plus amiodarone's thyroid and lung toxicity.
Cardiac Myocyte Action Potential
Cardiomyopathies
Dilated vs hypertrophic vs restrictive. HOCM murmurs that worsen with Valsalva, and the cardiac causes of sudden death in young athletes.